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     In North America there are over 250 Penstemon species, more than any other genera of Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon Family).  Nine of the more than three dozen Penstemons found in the Four Corners area are shown in this web site on two pages of blue/purple Penstemons and on one page of red Penstemons.  In the Four Corners area only the Astragalus genera has more species -- sixty-one!

      In 1748 the genus was named by British citizen and 1735-1746 American resident and plant collector, Dr. John Mitchell.  Almost all sources indicate that the word "Penstemon" is derived from the Greek "pente" ("five") and "stemon" ("thread").  Penstemons are so named because one of their five stamens, i.e., one of their thread-like structures, is sterile and visually distinctly different from the others.

      An alternate, but ultimately similar etymology is given by Intermountain Flora: "paene" is Latin for "nearly" and "stemon" is Greek for "thread".  Thus the name means "nearly a thread", i.e., "nearly a stamen".

     Whatever the derivation, the botanical word for such a structure is "staminode", "a modified stamen which does not produce pollen".  (Intermountain Flora definition.)  You can see this staminode, nearly a stamen, structure at the left in the above photograph.  Notice that it is hairy at the top, as are most Penstemon staminodes.  This hairiness is the source of one common name for the genus: "Beard Tongue".

 

Penstemon breviculus (Penstemon)
Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon Family)

Semi-desert. Openings. Spring.
Hawkins Preserve, Cortez, Colorado, May 23, 2006.

Penstemon breviculus is found in sandy, gravelly, or clay soils of a few counties in southwest Colorado, southeast Utah, and northwest New Mexico.  It is one of the smaller Penstemons both in overall plant height and in flower size.  Lovely lavender-pink to light purple flowers are abundant on each plant.  

Charles Baker and friends collected the first specimens of this plant near Mancos, Colorado in 1898, and David Keck named the plant Penstemon jamesii in 1938.  It was given its present name by Gladys Nisbet and Raymond Jackson in 1960. "Breviculus" is Latin for "very short".

 

Penstemon breviculus (Penstemon)
Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon Family)

Semi-desert. Openings. Spring.
Hawkins Preserve, Cortez, Colorado, May 23, 2006.

Penstemon breviculus (Penstemon)
Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon Family)

Semi-desert. Openings. Spring.
Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, June 7, 2005.

Penstemon stalks must be a tasty treat, for it is common to find them nibbled off.  Notice the buff-colored, circular, nibbled stem at bottom center.  Notice also the grains of sand stuck to the glandular hairs that cover the top parts of the plant.

Penstemon breviculus (Penstemon)
Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon Family)

Semi-desert. Openings. Spring.
Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, June 7, 2005.

Penstemon breviculus seeds forming. 

 

Penstemon comarrhenus (Penstemon)
Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon Family)

Foothills, montane. Open woodlands. Summer. 
Narraguinnep Natural Area, June 18, 2007.

These delicate pink/blue flowers grow to three or four feet tall on slender stems with widely spaced and very narrow leaves.  Basal leaves are broader and more numerous.

The plant is only found in the Four Corners states and Nevada.  Asa Gray named the plant in 1876 from a collection made in Utah by L. F. Ward in 1875.  "Comarrhenus" is from the Greek "kome" meaning "hairy".

          

Penstemon comarrhenus (Penstemon)
Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon Family)

Foothills, montane. Open woodlands. Summer. 
Narraguinnep Natural Area, June 18, 2007.

Flower tubes are very narrow and broaden quickly to a wide, almost spherical, throat.  Both of these are very pale lavender pink but the upper and lower lips have stronger tinges of blue with strong red violet lines.  The anthers are covered with kinky white hairs.



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