Linnaeus named the Gentian genus in 1753.

     See more blue Gentians and a white Gentian.

Montane, subalpine, alpine.  Wet meadows.  Summer.
Haviland Lake Trail, July 23, 2005.

Pneumonanthe affinis is often found in dense clusters of a dozen or more plants and these clusters are scattered widely in wet meadows.  It has strong maroon stems that attract attention even before the multitude of flowers open on the upper third of the plant.  Lower flowers have pedicels; upper flowers are tightly clustered and without pedicels (in a manner similar to Pneumonanthe parryi pictured below).  

Thomas Drummond collected this plant in the early 1830s and it was named and described by August Grisebach in William Jackson Hooker's Flora Boreali-Americana in 1837.

Montane, subalpine, alpine.  Wet meadows.  Summer.
Haviland Lake Trail, July 23, 2005.

Montane, subalpine.  Wetlands.  Summer, fall.
Groundhog Meadow Trail, July 31, 2004.

Swertia perennis is not commonly noticed because it frequently grows among grasses and other tall plants in wetlands, and because its flowers are not vibrant.  But Swertia perennis is well worth looking for.  Its few, star-shaped flowers are a very unusual and lovely dusky purple with darker purple streaks and tinges of yellow.  The plant grows straight on single sturdy stems and when you find one plant, you will almost always find several immediately near, for new plants most often sprouts from roots.  The plant is often found in the company of Elephant Heads, King's Crown and Rose Crown, and other plants that like wet roots.

Emanuel Sweert was a 16th century Dutch botanist and "perennis" is Latin for "through the year, perennial".  (More biographical information.)  Swertia perennis is circumboreal and was first collected in Bavaria in the mid-1700s and was named by Linnaeus in 1753.  In the northern hemisphere, Swertia perennis  is found from Alaska southward in the mountains through Canada to California and New Mexico. 

Montane, subalpine.  Wetlands.  Summer, fall.
Groundhog Meadow Trail, July 31, 2004.

Montane, subalpine.  Wetlands.  Summer, fall.
Grindstone Lake, August 25, 2007.

At the base of each petal are small nectary glands which appear as depressions with scales and hairs growing around and above them.